maintained by Steven Aftergood
Copyright (c) Arvin S. Quist ORCA - 12
Oak Ridge Classification Associates, LLC Security Classification of Information
Volume 1. Introduction, History, and Adverse Impacts
Revised 2002Arvin S. Quist
September 20, 2002
104 Neville Lane
Oak Ridge, TN 37830Prepared for the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
under Subcontract No. 40000001009
ACRONYMS CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION
THE NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR AREAS OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATIONMilitary Operations Information
BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Weapons Technology
Diplomatic Activities
Intelligence Activities
Cryptology
CLASSIFICATION AND SECURITY
REFERENCESChapter 2. CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II
COLONIAL TIMES THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR
POST-CIVIL WAR UNTIL WORLD WAR IIClassification in Britain, 1853-1914
WORLD WAR I
Classification in France, 1900-1917
Classification in the U.S. Army, Civil War Until 1917
Classification in the U.S. Navy, Civil War Until 1917
Pertinent U.S. Statutes, Civil War Until 1917Classification in the U.S. Army
POST WORLD WAR I UNTIL WORLD WAR II
Classification in the U.S. Navy
Pertinent StatutesNavy Classification Regulations of 1920
REFERENCES
Army Classification Regulations of 1921
Navy Classification Regulations of 1932
Army Classification Regulations of 1935
Army Classification Regulations of 1936
Navy Classification Regulations of 1938
Navy Classification Regulations of 1940
Army Classification Regulations of 1941
Pertinent StatutesChapter 3. CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDERS
CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDERS PRIOR TO EO 12958
Executive Order 8381
CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 12958
Executive Order 9182
Executive Order 10104
Executive Order 10290
Executive Order 10501
Executive Order 11652
Executive Order 12065
Executive Order 12356
REFERENCESChapter 4. CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 5. DECLASSIFICATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL BEFORE THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CLASSIFICATION REGULATIONS-10 CFR 1045
UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACTSafeguards Information
REFERENCES
Unclassified Controlled Nuclear InformationINTRODUCTION
DECLASSIFICATION IN THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
DECLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
DECLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954
MAJOR DOCUMENT DECLASSIFICATION REVIEW PROGRAMS SINCE 1954April 1955 - February 1956
REFERENCES
1957
1958
1961, 1962, and 1965
1971 to 1978
1993 to the Present (DOE Review Programs)
1993 to the Present (Other-Agency Review Programs Involving RD and FRD)
Epilogue to Major Document-Declassification Review ProgramsChapter 6. SOME ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION IMPAIRS CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT AND CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESSGeneral and Historical
ECONOMIC COSTS OF CLASSIFICATION
Effects of Classification on Scientific and Technical Progress
REFERENCESVolume 2.
PRINCIPLES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION (issued April 1993)
(available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/quist2/index.htmlCHAPTERS:
INTRODUCTION
MAJOR TYPES OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION-SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE SECRETS
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION-AN OVERVIEW
CAN THE INFORMATION BE CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT?
INFORMATION-DISCLOSURE RISKS AND BENEFITS
BALANCING INFORMATION-DISCLOSURE RISKS AND BENEFITS
CLASSIFICATION LEVELS
CLASSIFICATION DURATION
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSOCIATIONS OF INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPILATIONS OF INFORMATION
DECLASSIFYING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
DOWNGRADING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
Appendices:
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION PRINCIPLES AND TRADE SECRET LAW
CLASSIFIABLE AREAS OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY OPERATIONS INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREIGN RELATIONS INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION DURATION BASED ON THE PROBABILITY OF UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF THE CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
Volume 3.
CLASSIFICATION MANAGEMENTMajor topics to be discussed:
PREPARING CLASSIFICATION GUIDES
CLASSIFICATION OF PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES
MAKING DERIVATIVE CLASSIFICATION DECISIONS
CLASSIFICATION EDUCATION
TRAINING AUTHORIZED CLASSIFIERS
PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
PENALTIES FOR UNDERCLASSIFYING INFORMATION
PENALTIES FOR OVERCLASSIFYING INFORMATIONVolume 4.
CONTROL OF CERTAIN UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATIONMajor topics to be discussed:
UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION
FOIA EXEMPTIONS-OFFICIAL USE ONLY INFORMATION
EXPORT CONTROLS ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
EXPORT CONTROLS ON NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
OTHER UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED GOVERNMENT INFORMATION
INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS