SECRECY NEWS
from the FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Volume 2015, Issue No. 51
August 11, 2015

Secrecy News Blog: http://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/

A NEW DIRECTION FOR THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS?

With the impending retirement of the longtime Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington, there is an opportunity for a fundamental reconsideration of the function and operation of the Library of Congress. In particular, the time may be ripe for a massive expansion of the Library's digitized holdings, enabling universal public access to its historic and cultural riches.

There are "Great New Possibilities for the Library of Congress!" according to the headline of an article by Harvard professor Robert Darnton in the New York Review of Books, August 13 (sub. req'd, exclamation mark in the original).

Dr. Billington (who oddly goes unmentioned by name in the NY Review article) is a figure of exceptional stature, and he has been for a long time. The 1959 book "Tolstoy or Dostoevsky" by the eminent literary critic George Steiner included an acknowledgment of thanks to Billington along with Isaiah Berlin, Alexandre Koyre, and J. Robert Oppenheimer, among other icons of a prior era. More recently, in 2004, former FAS President Jeremy J. Stone facilitated a trip by Dr. Billington to Iran to meet with the director of that country's National Library, the first such visit to Iran by any U.S. government official in many years. (Originally "unannounced" and confidential, the trip was, ahem, disclosed by the Federation of American Scientists and reported in the New York Times, and it is now cited in Billington's official bio.)

But one thing Dr. Billington has not been, by most accounts, is a digital pioneer who could lead the Library of Congress boldly into the unfolding media and communications environment of the present day. (However, his bio notes to the contrary that "His proposal in 2005 for the creation of a World Digital Library was endorsed by UNESCO in 2007 and launched online at www.wdl.org in April 2009.")

The time for a change may have come.

"While other great libraries were leading the way into the digital future, [the Library of Congress] failed to manage its own information technology," wrote Prof. Darnton in the NY Review.

"A new regime at the Library of Congress (LOC) could digitize its collections and link them with collections in other libraries, archives, and museums so that everyone has access to the resources that are everyone's heritage... The repository of the LOC would then serve as the heart of a digital circulatory system that would energize the entire country," Darnton wrote.

Perhaps so, although the chain of causality in that vision is a little vague. But much less ambitiously, the arrival of new leadership at the Library of Congress might also set the stage for a change of policy authorizing public access to non-confidential products of the Congressional Research Service, which is formally a part of the Library (though CRS too goes unmentioned in the NY Review article).

Until then, unauthorized access will have to do. New and updated reports from CRS that Congress has not seen fit to make publicly available online include the following.

A Guide to U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Freedom's Sentinel, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom, updated August 7, 2015:

Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2016, August 7, 2015:

FY2016 Appropriations for the Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis, August 7, 2015:

Obergefell v. Hodges: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized, August 7, 2015:

Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress, updated August 7, 2015:

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

The environmental impacts of military operations are increasingly becoming factors in the planning and execution of military activities.

"The military has a new appreciation for the interdependence between military missions, the global community, and the environment," according to a newly revised and reissued Army doctrinal manual. See "Environmental Considerations," ATP 3-34.5, August 10, 2015:

Of course, military operations by their nature are not environment-friendly. "The primary mission of the military is to fight and win wars. Warfare is destructive to humans and to the natural environment."

Even so, environmental impacts of military action can be limited and managed up to a point, the Army manual says. "Integrating environmental considerations into the planning process helps to identify, prevent, and mitigate potential threats to the environment (including those that affect historical and cultural resources) and environmental threats to personnel."

This is not a matter of sentimentality or political correctness, the manual emphasizes, but of military self-interest and tactical necessity. "Integrating environmental considerations into operations will benefit FHP [force health protection, i.e. the health of U.S. and allied soldiers]. Environmental degradation jeopardizes the well-being of the local population and can undermine HN [host nation] support for U.S. policies."

"Environmental damage created by U.S. forces conducting operations, however unintentional (such as the damage to Babylon), may be used as a weapon in the public information campaign against U.S. operations and can undermine U.S. strategic objectives," the manual says.

Establishment of a U.S. military base in Iraq's historic city of Babylon in 2003 caused "major damage" to surviving antiquities at the site, the Washington Post and other news organizations reported.

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Secrecy News is written by Steven Aftergood and published by the Federation of American Scientists.

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